In the nineteenth century, women in literature were often portrayed as
submissive to men. Literature of the period often characterized women as
oppressed by society, as well as by the male influences in their lives. The
Yellow Wallpaper presents the tragic story of a woman's descent into depression
and madness. Gilman once wrote "Women's subordination will only end when
women lead the struggle for their own autonomy, thereby freeing man as well as
themselves, because man suffers from the distortions that come from dominance,
just as women are scarred by the subjugation imposed upon them" (Lane 5).
The Yellow Wallpaper brilliantly illustrates this philosophy. The narrator's
declining mental health is reflected through the characteristics of the house
she is trapped in and her husband, while trying to protect her, is actually
destroying her. The narrator of the story goes with her doctor/husband to stay
in a colonial mansion for the summer. The house is supposed to be a place where
she can recover from severe postpartum depression. She loves her baby, but knows
she is not able to take care of him. "It is fortunate Mary is so good with
the baby. Such a dear baby! And yet I cannot be with him, it makes me so
nervous" (Gilman 642). The symbolism utilized by Gilman is somewhat askew
from the conventional. A house usually symbolizes security. In this story the
opposite is true. The protagonist, whose name we never learn, feels trapped by
the walls of the house, just as she is trapped by her mental illness. The
windows of her room, which normally would symbolize a sense of freedom, are
barred, holding her in. (Biedermann 179, 382). From the outset the reader is
given a sense of the domineering tendencies of the narrator's husband, John. The
narrator tells us: "John is a physician, and perhaps – (I would not say
it to a living soul, of course, but this is dead paper and a great relief to my
mind) – perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster" (Gilman
640). It is painfully obvious that she feels trapped and unable to express her
fears to her husband. "You see, he does not believe I am sick. And what can
one do? If a physician of high standing and one's own husband assures friends
and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary
nervous depression – a slight hysterical tendency – what is one to do?"
Her husband is not the only male figure who dominates and oppresses her. Her
brother, also a doctor, "says the same thing" (Gilman 640-641).
Because the story is written in diary format, we feel especially close to this
woman. We are in touch with her innermost thoughts. The dominance of her
husband, and her reaction to it, is reflected throughout the story. The narrator
is continually submissive, bowing to her husband's wishes, even though she is
unhappy and depressed. Her husband has adopted the idea that she must have
complete rest if she is to recover. This is a direct parallel to Gilman's life,
wherein during her illness she was treated by a doctor who introduced her to the
"rest cure." She was instructed to live a domestic life, only engage
in intellectual activities two hours a day, and "never to touch pen, brush,
or pencil again" as long as she lived (Gilman 640). In this story, the
narrator's husband, John, does not want her to work. "So I . . . am
absolutely forbidden to ‘work' until I am well again"(Gilman 641). John
does not even want her to write. "There comes John, and I must put this
away – he hates to have me write a word"(Gilman 642). It is also a direct
allusion to Gilman's personal experience that the narrator is experiencing
severe postpartum depression. Gilman suffered from the same malady after the
birth of her own daughter (Gilman 639). It is interesting that the room her
husband chooses for them, the room the narrator hates, is the nursery. The
narrator describes the nursery as having barred windows and being
"atrocious" (Gilman 641-642). The narrator's response to the room is a
further example of her submissive behavior. "I don't like our room a bit. I
wanted one downstairs that opened onto the piazza and had roses all over the
window, and such pretty old fashioned chintz hangings! But John would not hear
of it" (Gilman 641). Although she is practically a prisoner in the room,
she is given no voice in choosing or decorating it. She attempts to justify
John's treatment of her. "He is very careful and loving, and hardly lets me
stir without special direction. I have a schedule . . . I feel basely ungrateful
not to value it more"(Gilman 641). Even though she knows that writing and
socializing would help her recover faster, she still allows the male figures in
her life to dominate and control her treatment. "I sometimes fancy that in
my condition, if I had less opposition and more society and stimulus – but
John says the very worst thing I can do is to think about my condition, and I
confess it always makes me feel bad"(Gilman 641). I believe that the
narrator's husband loves her very much. He is tender with her and speaks to her
in a loving, sometimes child-like manner. However, he obviously does not want
anyone knowing the extent of his wife's mental illness, referring to it as a
"temporary nervous depression – a slight hysterical tendency"
(Gilman 641). I believe this is also a reflection of the way women and mental
illness were perceived in the nineteenth century. Women were supposed to let
their men take care of them, and mental illness was often swept under the
carpet. The husband, John, did not want the stigma of mental illness tied to his
family. "He says that no one but myself can help me out of it, that I must
use my will and self-control and not let any silly fancies run away with me.
(Gilman 645). In reading this story I had to constantly remind myself that
society today treats mental illness differently, and that this was written from
a nineteenth century perspective. The narrator continues to repress her own
needs and allow her husband to dominate. Seeing the wallpaper in the bedroom,
she writes: "I never saw a worse paper in my life one of those sprawling,
flamboyant patterns committing every artistic sin" (Gilman 642). It is also
interesting to note that the bed in the room is a "great immovable
bed" which is "nailed down" (Gilman 644). I wondered if this was
a metaphoric reference to her husband's attitude about her illness. As she looks
out the window, she can see the garden. She describes flowers, paths, and
arbors. All that she sees outside is beautiful. Just as Gilman uses the room the
woman hates as a metaphor for her mental illness, she uses the beautiful garden
as a metaphor for the mental health the woman craves. The narrator's husband
also stifles these thoughts. "I always fancy I see people waling in these
numerous paths and arbors, but John has cautioned me not to give way to fancy in
the least. He says that with my imaginative power and habit of story-making, a
nervous weakness like mine is sure to lead to all manner of excited fancies, and
that I ought to use my good will and good sense to check the tendency. So I
try" (Gilman 642). The more time she spends in the room, the more obsessed
with the wallpaper she becomes. In her mind, the wallpaper becomes more than
just wallpaper. It takes on human characteristics. "This paper looks to me
as if it knew what a vicious influence it had" (Gilman 643)! When the story
begins the narrator refers to the house as haunted. This theme is again brought
to the forefront when she begins describing the wallpaper. "There is a
recurrent spot where the pattern lolls like a broken neck and two bulbous eyes
stare at you upside down" (Gilman 643). Gilman's sensory descriptions are
ingenious. The descriptions are intense and detailed. They make the reader a
part of the story, increase suspense, and help the "reader's perception of
the particular kind of insanity that afflicts the narrator" (Cunningham
par. 1). In reading the story we are provided not only detailed visual images,
but vivid olfactory descriptions as well. We are told: But there is something
else about that paper – the smell! I noticed it the moment we came into the
room, but with so much air and sun it was not bad. Now we have had a week of fog
and rain, and whether the windows are open or not, the smell is here. It creeps
all over the house. I find it hovering in the dining-room, skulking in the
parlor, hiding in the hall, lying in wait for me on the stairs. It gets into my
hair. Even when I go to ride, if I turn my head suddenly and surprise it-there
is that smell! Such a peculiar odor, too! I have spent hours trying to analyze
it, to find what it smelled like. It is not bad -- at first, very gentle, but
quite the subtlest, most enduring odor I ever met. In this damp weather it is
awful. I wake up in the night and find it hanging over me. It used to disturb me
at first. I thought seriously of burning the house–to reach the smell. But now
I am used to it. The only thing I can think of that it is like is the color of
the paper! A yellow smell. (Cunningham par. 2; Gilman 647) The combination of
Gilman's words, and the short choppy sentence structure, combine to allow the
reader grasp the depths of the narrator's insanity. In addition to the sense of
smell, the reader is also captured by the sense of touch. The narrator tells us:
"The faint figure behind seemed to shake the pattern, just as if she wanted
to get out. I got up softly and went to feel and see if the paper did move and
when I came back John was awake (Gilman 645). She further tells us: "The
front pattern does move – and no wonder! The woman behind shakes
it"(Gilman 647)! It is through these compelling descriptions, utilizing the
reader's senses, that Gilman is "pulling the reader into the narrator's
world . . . these descriptions nearly perfectly encapsulate what we might all
imagine it is like to be insane"(Cunningham par. 5). It is as if the
haunting images of the wallpaper mirror the haunting feelings inside the
narrator's mind. The heroine, unable to openly express her feelings to anyone,
begins to see herself through the wallpaper. She imagines a woman trapped behind
the wallpaper, just as she is trapped in the room and in her mind. The
wallpaper, and the barrier it poses to the woman behind it, as imagined by the
narrator, mirror the narrator's own thoughts about being confined in a room with
barred windows. "At night in any kind of light, in twilight, candlelight,
lamplight, and worst of all by moonlight, it becomes bars! The outside pattern,
I mean, and the woman behind it is as plain as can be" (Gilman 646). The
heroine is also behind bars. "I am getting angry . . . but the bars are too
strong . . . "(Gilman 649). The behavior of the woman behind the wallpaper
mirrors the narrator's behavior. "By daylight she is subdued, quiet. I
fancy it is the pattern that keeps her so still. It is so puzzling. It keeps me
quiet by the hour" (Gilman 646). The narrator is also subdued in the
daytime. "I don't sleep much at night, for it is so interesting to watch
developments; but I sleep a good deal during the daytime" (Gilman 647).
Another parallel between the actions of the narrator and the woman behind the
wallpaper is reflected when the narrator looks out the window and sees "her
in that long shaded lane, creeping up and down. I see her in those dark grape
arbors, creeping around the garden. I see her on that long road under the trees,
creeping along, and when a carriage comes she hides under the blackberry vines.
I don't blame her a bit. It must be very humiliating to be caught creeping by
daylight: (Gilman 648)! The narrator is expressing her own humiliation in having
to sneak around. "I always lock the door when I creep by daylight. I can't
do it at night, for I know John would suspect something at once"(Gilman
648). Similarly, while her husband is away, the narrator sometimes will
"walk a little in the garden or down that lovely lane, sit on the porch
under the roses, . . . "(Gilman 644). As the narrator realizes the meaning
of the wallpaper, her life begins to change. "Life is much more exciting
now than it used to be. You see, I have something more to expect, to look
forward to, to watch. I really do eat better, and am more quiet than I was"
(Gilman 647). It is apparent that she is still feeling imprisoned by her
husband. "I suppose I shall have to get back behind the pattern when it
comes night, and that is hard" (Gilman 649)! However, she has decided to
rebel and break free. "‘I've got out at last,' said I, ‘in spite of you
and Jane. And I've pulled off most of the paper so you can't put me back'"
(Gilman 650)! Because the story is somewhat autobiographical, Gilman is able to
vividly portray a woman's descent into madness. She "wrote the story to
effect change in the treatment of depressive women" (Gilman 640). She once
stated that "It was not intended to drive people crazy, but to save people
from being driven crazy" (Anderson par. 10). The story brilliantly depicts
a woman whose opinions and feelings have never been acknowledged or recognized
as valid in the real world. The room, and particularly the wallpaper she hates
so much, become the center of her world – her voice. She realizes the woman in
the wallpaper is herself, and is finally able to break free. Perhaps it can all
be summed up in this exchange: "John is so pleased to see me improve! He
laughed a little the other day, and said I seemed to be flourishing in spite of
my wallpaper. I turned it off with a laugh. I had no intention of telling him it
was because of the wallpaper . . . "(Gilman 647).
Bibliography
Anderson, Daniel. *http://cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/amlit/wallpaper/whywrote/htm*
Why I Wrote "The Yellow Wallpaper"? As it appeared in the October
issue of The Forerunner, 1913." 1996. (19 Sept. 1998) Biedermann, Hans, ed.
The Wordsworth Dictionary of Symbolism. Cumberland House: Hertfordshire, 1996
Cunningham, Iain and Holmes, Douglass. "Sensory Descriptions in The Yellow
Wallpaper." 1977. *http://englishwww.ucla.edu/individuals/mcgraw/wallpaper/senses.htm*
(19 Sept. 1998). Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper."
Women's Work – An Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Barbara Perkins, Robyn
Warhol, and George Perkins. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994. 640-650. Lane,
Ann J. To Herland and Beyond: The Life and Work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. New
York: Pantheon Books, 1990.